Finally, the iconographya father, a pregnant mother, a child, a field ready for harvest, and a stool that Gikonyo intends to carve and present to Mumbi as a gift of reconciliationimplies the regeneration of community that is so central to all Ngugis fiction. The Perfect Nine: The Epic of Gkuyu And Mumbi. You can help us out by revising, improving and updating Yes, speak and denounce everythingthe women at the river, the village and the people who dwelt there. He was not listening; the coldness in his stomach slowly changed to bitterness. Who are the characters? Christopher is a very logical person, but his decision to leave was irrational, but to him it was the only solution his mind could logically draw. The absence of the discussion is contributed by Hemingways writing style, the Iceberg principle. Social rank and relative wealth play great roles in determining a persons life in Umuofia society. The Mau Mau had cost many Black Nationalists lives, and had seen many more put away in jails. Omura sent Nate and his army into battle despite Algrens protests, which ends in disaster. Free delivery for many products! As Karega says, The history that he had tried to teach as romantic adventures, the essence of black struggle apprehended in the imagination at the level of mere possibilities, had tonight acquired immediate flesh and blood.. The view that education and messianism are panaceas is entirely displaced by a clear and deep comprehension of the way out of the psychological bind produced by colonial subjugation. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Globalectics: Theory and the Politics of Knowing (T by Ngugi Wa Thiongo New Book at the best online prices at eBay! I knew my son would come. While Mugo gradually journeys from isolation to social integration, Karanja moves in the opposite direction. This can be obtained through overcoming obstacles, achieving goals, anything really that ee encounter during a journey.We often register change as something dangerous, yet we still try our futile attempts at resisting change but at the end of it all, you yourself as a human being would have changed in either a positive or negative way. At first it represents hope and familiarity, and then it represents the fact that time passed without Kamua, and then it represents healing as it sweeps away the old life he clung to. When Njoroge graduates into secondary school, the entire village contributes to his tuition, and thus the hero is transformed from the son of Ngotho to the son of the land. He begins to feel that through his education he will become a great leader, and Kenyattas imprisonment further fuels his grandiose fantasies: He even envisions himself as the new messiah. In A Grain of Wheat, Ngugi is still concerned with the reintegration of Kikuyu society, but his method has changed drastically. Two of the men, Mugo and Karanja, are motivated by an almost pathological desire for isolation, and the other two, Kihika and Gikonyo, are deeply dependent on their different views of communality. He just looked at Kamau with strange vacant eyes. He tries to swallow his tears; instead one runs down his face after another. , made quick, springing steps, his left-hand dangling freely by the side of his, once white coat, now torn and worn out. The problem with this dichotomy is that the opposition between the poor and the rich lacks any dramatic tension, because the latter are shallow characters minimally and symbolically represented through their expensive automobiles, lavish parties, and deceptive contracts. Postcolonial Literatures: Achebe, Ngugi, Desai, Walcott. Fear was discernible in those eyes. 37 0 obj <> endobj Not that he looked down; on the contrary, he looked straight ahead as if he would, any time now, see a familiar object that would hail him as a friend and tell him that he was near home. HWnH}'& l/AIzI2 Nc@%1YYsnSUus-9a!:a0r?{~OM8N|7rt3V |yS7Kx]/M4Nss[s?,6>Ks8KxspLZzhvW7Ua/;D|M#O'[~XtQ!O~:~qfAt(\g.3ydddBdddddg? What would you do? These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Ngugi wa Thiongo: Short Stories by Ngg wa Thiong'o. But he knew by the look of the women at the river, by the look of his parents, that she was gone. He also uses this book to get more public appearance., Loss of Innocence: He grew up in a small town with few experiences, but when he decided to run away, he faced many different life changing adventures., This memoir also examines the emotional and physical damage Pa causes for Lac Su. One really scariest member of the boons named Bo Richardson beats up kids whose big mouth, weird, and annoying. Waiyaki, the hero of The River Between, believing that he is the new messiah, also attempts in vain to reunite the Christian and traditional Kikuyu factions of his village. Later he killed one of his men and was filled with guilt and grief. Why had she not come out? The book Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates, Coates writes a letter, addressing his son. This bitter thing was choking him. Lovesey, Oliver. But some unknowns are life-changing. Kamau is the picture of war. The war is over, and, just prior to independence day, Kihikas comrades emerge from the forests in order to seek the traitor. The author, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, wrote the short story titled "The Return," about a protester returning from a detention camp rather than an individual who stayed at the village because it shows the true emotions that men face when they left their families behind. The road was long. And above, the moon shone bright. We let Karanja go with her. In the story the narrator announces, The others had been like him. Yes. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. He wrote a Writer's Prison Diary and relocated to the U.S. With each of Kamau's (main character's) steps, the dist "rose, whirled angrily behind him, and slowly settled again" suggesting that his future will be as unsettling as the dust. He tried to remove his coat, and the small bundle he had held on to so firmly fell. She believes that she was touched by the god Mumbi and runs back to her hut, pregnant. The poem underlines the fact that despite the hardships Aborigines have experienced as a result of White Colonisation, it would be ideal if they shifted from prisoners of society to proactive citizens of Australia who will stand tall with pride and win their internal battles in the face of adversity., As a teenager living in an ever-changing society, a journey is bound to happen either emotionally, physically or mentally. Keikos father originally forbid Keiko to see Stephen due to his ethnicity and she soon understands why and feels guilty for disobeying his orders after her brother is killed in action, which creates tension between Stephen and the family. He had stayed with her for a mere two weeks; then he had been swept away by the Colonial forces. Matigari denounces contemporary Kenya, where a privileged few, in connection with representatives of overseas interests, rule and exploit the masses, thereby reversing the hard-fought struggle for independence. His fear was so great, that Uncle had to practically drag him forward. Beth, Danielle, and Richard ducked, but Timmy wasnt so lucky because the book hit him straight between the eyes., Lastly, during september of 1998 klebold wrote a paper in his creative writing class titled the mind and motives of charles manson, the story was about a man coming into town and killing all of the popular kids in school.This explains the mindset of dylan klebold a little bit. But he had been sparedyes, spared to see his sons return. Beyond, the deep, blood-red sinking sun sent out finger-like streaks of light that thinned outwards and mingled with the grey mist shrouding the distant hills. thissection. He quickened his steps as if he could scarcely believe this to be true till he had actually set his eyes on the river. While Karanja betrays the community as an abstract entity in order to remain with a specific woman, Kihika abandons his pregnant lover in order to become a guerrilla fighter and plays an important part in winning the freedom of his society. The following version of this book was used to create this . It is my wife. In the poem Homecoming by Bruce Dawe, Dawe identifies his personal concerns of the Vietnam War and then presents them through the use of poetic techniques. the complete review 's Opinion. The fact that her notion of womanhood is predicated on circumcision shows that peripeteia involves not only physical and social changes but also ontological ones; specific modifications of a culture become meaningless unless the entire cultural gestalt is altered to accommodate particular infusions. She represents the conservative colonists who believe that the natives are savages who are incapable of becoming civilized even though the English have ended their tribal wars and brought progress. Free delivery for many products. He began to put on his coat, murmuring to himself, Why should she have waited for me? Soon the two lovers find themselves the stuff of Aburirian folk legendones who can take on the establishment and never be caught. The story therefore begins with Kamau . When Kamau asks about Muthoni, he perhaps wished he was. Mr., It also is the beginning of Cory becoming disappointed. -ing to glow. This excerpt shows Salvas fear caused by losing his only friend on the journey. He would try not to have any honest and serious relationship such as love in his life because he wanted to live without any consequences such as separation or death - loss of his loved ones., This emotional havoc that he faces effects the resolution of the story, as the crushing remorse that he has carried with him since he was twelve years old, propelled him forward, so he could finally begin to unload some of it after having done a good deed, his actions pleading for forgiveness from all he has hurt, especially Hassan, his friend and brother., First and foremost, OBrien adopts the persona of the young soldier, who is one of the few characters in the book who attempts to find a way to relieve themselves of their emotional burdens through redemption. Short fiction: Secret Lives, and Other Stories, 1975. plays: The Black Hermit, pr. epcjOfw6YHVN# #(1xwKxZHs0$CF|BDgZ9y`Jg7}or/uW{[I4Thb\PD]aHhW,zHmDIBb%x 1974 (with Micere Githae- Mugo); Ngaahika Ndeenda, pr. In order to comprehend the actual theme of the story, the character development of Nick must be examined. There is a hard squeezing pressure in [his] chest. Provide a summary for The Perfect Nine. We could have kept her. His story uses symbolism involving religion, such as, the hand of General Lasalle reaching down to save the man represents the hand of god saving a soul. By contrasting and interweaving these movements, Ngugi creates a polyphonic novel in which the experience of social regeneration and communal cohesiveness lies not in the awareness of any single character but in the interactions between various individuals and in the readers experience of these interactions. Although some of the stages are less obvious, three points hugely stand out; departure, trials, and status quo. Richard also noticed that Timmy had this glazing over his eyes after the owners took away his fidget spinner. The River Between is a better bildungsroman than Ngugis first novel because Waiyaki does realize that he is a product of shifting values and that cultural synthesis is an ambiguous, complex, and even dangerous undertaking. Trauma is portrayed in many ways throughout the story through writing, love, and survivors guilt. He shut. The Return Ngugi wa Thiong'o Presented By: Talal Brigitte Keving Special Topics (Activist) Mohamud The author's audience is the entire country, to raise their fighting spirit and to wait, while continuing the fight, for freedom. He would, at any rate, not tell them all: the beating, the screening and the work on roads and in quarries with an askari always nearby ready to kick him if he relaxed. However, the pre-destined conditions of his life, his fathers failures, and a series of unfortunate circumstances ultimately lead to Okonkwos downfall. Such manipulation, along with coercive tax laws and punitive raids, put tremendous pressure on the Kikuyus and eventually led to the Mau Mau war. Ngugi focuses on various combinations of these three factors in his novels, and his repeated concern with these issues is largely determined by his traumatic experiences during the war. In Matigari Ngugi continues to record Kenyas postcolonial struggle, but in this novel he moves away from realism and adopts a fluidity of time and space that is mythological in tone. Bibliography Then life would begin anew. She believed him too and keened for a month. His father at first does not answer Kamau when he arrives. When he is on the margin of exile, the collision of self-respect and insecurity aggravates. He hesitated for a moment and then made up his mind. I left her expecting a baby. Chege, Waiyakis father, a minor prophet embittered by the peoples disregard for his claims, is realistically aware of the specific cultural and technological superiority of European society and thus, in spite of inherent dangers, commands his son to attend the missionary school and master Western knowledge without absorbing its vices. They reasoned, quite accurately, that mastery of English was crucial for their nationalistic aspirations. Whats wrong, man? The other women, with tired and worn features, looked at him mutely as if his greeting was of no consequence. He felt annoyed and irritated. Analysis of Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Novels By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on April 11, 2019 ( 0). In Aburiria, the mad leader known simply as the Ruler is eventually deposed, only to give way to another thug with the usual dictatorial traits of incompetence, brutality, and toxicity. As the novel progresses, the characters deal with . The prisoners of the concentration camp want to get back to their old life with their familiar villages and loved ones, including Kamau. He says that he is required to write about the war as he is the only survivor of the battalion. When Wamuhu refuses to marry him, he kills her in rage. He did not want any consequences ever again. One of the grand old men of African literature, Ngg's fiction is sometimes overshadowed by his engagement for African culture (and, especially, writing in pre-colonial African languages) as well as his powerful memoirs. She calls her servants her boys and has built brick houses and a school for them and their children. That is the simplest way to put it! The Question and Answer section for Ngugi wa Thiongo: Short Stories is a great He has entirely dedicated himself to his own and other peoples salvation through Christianity. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2000. The center of Petals of Blood is a powerful, fecund woman, Wanja, a prostitute who is many things to the different men around her like petals of blood. Williams, Patrick. The complex social entanglements and contradictionsthe different political views and the conflict between generations within Ngothos family; the enmity between Ngotho and Jacobo, whose loyalty to the British is rewarded with wealth and political power; the mixture of fear, hatred, and respect that Howlands harbors for Ngotho because he has occupied the latters land; the Englishmans desire to torture and kill Ngotho, which leads to the retaliatory murder of Howlands by Ngothos son; Howlandss contempt for Jacobos collaboration; Njoroges love for Mwihaki, Jacobos daughter, and his brief friendship with Howlandss sonas well as the descriptions of torture and summary executions by the British and the Mau Maucreate a powerful microcosmic picture of a whole society being ripped apart by economic and political conflict. Jump? Mrs. Hill is a wealthy landowner with liberal attitudes toward the natives. She had just been delivered. In life, every action precipitates a reaction, and facing challenge become significant. No matter what or whom, journeys are bound to change us and are inevitable. In fact, when the 1986 edition appeared in the original Kikuyu language, so many Kenyans were talking about Matigari that officials ordered his arrest. endstream endobj 38 0 obj <>>> endobj 39 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 594.0 783.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 40 0 obj <>stream Would they receive him? Bruce Dawe uses language techniques such as imagery, colloquialism, tone and repetition to convey and highlight some specific aspects of physical journey(s).. Ishmael Beahs and Mariatu Kamaras unknowns were the wars that lead to the demolition of their childhoods. We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make yourown. With her demeanor she is compared to a missionary: Convinced that she and her kind formed an oasis of civilization in a wild country of savage people, she considered it almost her calling to keep on reminding the natives and anyone else of the fact, by her gait, talk and general bearing.. But why did she go? The owners of the house lead them into the room and locked the door behind us. The Kikuyus responded by mercilessly taxing themselves in order to build their own schools, only to have them shut down repeatedly by the government. Kenya's most brilliant author was Ngugi wa Thiong'o (born 1938).He is most recognized as a writer, although he also wrote plays, literary, and political, and cultural articles, and the further discussion can be defined as follows:. At the river Kamau sees his little belongings floating away. Whereas the resultant shock and confusion experienced by Munira turns into depression and later into a pathological preoccupation with spiritual purity, the initial confusion felt by Karega is gradually displaced by an increasingly clear understanding of his place in the sociopolitical system of the country and eventually turns into a radical opposition to the new elite. Would he behave like the women Kamau had met at the river? In opposition to the suffering masses stand the black politicians and their cronies, who have grown rich through collaboration with international business interests. Then, when he drops it on the news of his wife leaving him, it at first hurts, he can't get it back, but then feels better, even relieving. The missionary gives Joshua strength and restores his faith. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Furthermore, the divine source of his authority, by providing him with transcendent knowledge, severs him from the Kikuyu to the extent that his vision of the future, and actions based on that vision, need not rely on mundane familiarity with the peoples social and political desires. The idea of his freedom is marred, with the descriptive language of the road to home that the author uses. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997. I had to get out of the house, (Haddon, pg. Upon his return to the village he discovered that the British had invaded; the village was unrecognizable. Mugo, deprived of human warmth since childhood, attempts in vain to avoid all involvement. Now and then he looked at the sun on its homeward journey. 'A Magnificent novel of humane breadth and wisdom, comic tenderness and political acuteness' Hermione Lee, chair of the Man He had manage to keep a flickering light of hope alive in the darkest of places. He wanted to live along without consequences (135) imply unhappiness of relationship end while at the war. Kihikas disregard for the individual and concern for people in general are balanced by Gikonyos lack of concern for an abstract conception of community, his betrayal of the Mau Mau covenant, and his powerful desire for concrete individual relations with Mumbi and his mother. He wanted to runno, fly to hasten his return. Ngotho, Njoroges father, is confused and emasculated by his inability to comprehend and resist the appropriation of his land by an English settler named Howlands, so the family begins to disintegrate, reflecting in microcosm the general social fragmentation. Ngugis preoccupation with this theme is best understood in the historical context of the conflict between the Kikuyus and British colonizers that culminated in the Mau Mau war of 1952 and that was provoked by three important factors: the economic and cultural effects of land appropriation, the importance of education for the Kikuyus and consequently the impact of its deprivation, and the messianic fervor that characterized Kikuyu politics at the time. (3), Above the underlined adjective clause, write an *E* if the clause is essential to the sentence's meaning or *N* if the clause is not essential to the sentence's meaning. Powers on Tara Westover. Perhaps the river would not recognize in his hardened features that same boy to whom the riverside world had meant everything. The, story therefore begins with Kamau leaving the prison camp in search of the, freedom he has been yearning for. He rarely comes out of his house, which is one of the reasons the citizens began to make up unearthly imaginations of him. He uses comedy to lighten serious issues and shows the best of his life living in a dominant white society. "The Village Priest:" Joshua, a Christian priest converted by a missionary named Livingstone, comforts the people of his village while they are suffering from a severe drought. The bulk of A Grain of Wheat represents the reintegration of Thabai through keen and accurate realism, but in order to emphasize that he is depicting the entire Kikuyu culture, Ngugi resorts to symbolism at the end of the novel. The second most obvious stage would be trials. The emotion and pain had caught up to him. Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution (London: Chatto and Windus, 1961) pp.93-6. After being ignored for the vast bulk of the novel, the mystery is suddenly solved at the end by Muniras admission that he set fire to Wanjas brothel, in which the directors were trapped. People are thus tied to one another in ways that they themselves fail to understand. In "A Meeting in the Dark," John is a young man who is about to leave his village to start his university education. It embitters him. The persistent ambiguity about Waiyaki and the final recourse to scapegoating, which resembles so closely the pattern of grandiose self-delusion and vindication through persecution in Weep Not, Child, reveal once more that The River Between is a product of subjective anxiety. She had always been a darling of the village, having a smile for everyone and food for all. On the sixth day, Elroy take Tim on the Rainy River to fish, which becomes instrumental to guide Tim to his epiphany. B. The Return Ngugi Wa Thiong'o The Return is story about Kamau, a man returning home after spending many years away in prison. He forgot the village women as he remembered his wife. For instance, like what will be served for dinner next Sunday. He writes to get rid of his tormenting memories going on his head. Bruce Dawe's poems, "drifters" and "migrants" emphasis on the emotional aspect of physical journeys where it is tied to the attitudes towards journey (s), the compassion in the journey, overcoming obstacles and fulfilling the desire of destination. The Structure in the Return by Ngugi Wa Thiongo, The structure of the Return is centered around significant events that, occur and it is divided into five elements; Exposition, conflict, climax and, The author tries to give us background information that, establishes the setting and describes the situation of the main character. The subject of Kikuyu people in torture camps hits hard for the author because his family was a victim of it. Ngugi wa Thiongos(born 5 January 1938) fiction, like that of many contemporary African novelists, is highly political: It portrays the traumatic transition from colonized culture to an independent African society. I left her expecting a baby. He walked on, however, unmindful of the dust and ground under his feet. And standing at the bank, he saw not the river, but his hopes dashed on the ground instead. It was wrong for Kamua to be detained, but his family and village were also wronged, and made decisions based on that, by being told he was dead. All of them longed for one daythe day of their return home. Written by people who wish to remain anonymous. Readers can view the difference in how Christopher reacts to loss compared to other peoples reaction to loss and the difficulties of coping. Shortly after the American Indian war, Nate is hired to train an army to replace the Samurai by Omura, a Japanese businessman that assists the Emperor in modernizing their country. Both are expelled from Siriana high school at different times (they are a generation apart) for leading student strikes. He looked at the village huts and the dullness of the land. When they discovered that the suspected rabble-rouser was fictional, they banned the book. His wife had gone. Finally we see a pinnacle of the heartache that Kamau had been successful at keeping away for the past five years in prison. Kamau was impatient. The novel also contains the Swiftian elements of satire that characterize Devil on the Cross. At the beginning of Salvas story, Salvas emotions were so wired by the worry for his family that he could not understand a soldiers motions and mistook them to be the signal for death. He saw him stare with unbelieving eyes. Ostensibly, the novel is a detective story; it begins with the arrest of three major characters, Munira, Abdulla, and Karega, who are under suspicion for the murder of three wealthy directors of the Thengeta Breweries, Kimeria, Chui, and Muzigo. In his letter, he illustrates how Howard University, the Mecca, and his experiences and interactions there shaped him. So, he suffered in total silence. Ngugi wa Thiongo: A Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources, 1957-1987. Ngugis memory of this scene explains his preoccupation with the war: They sang of acommonloss and hope and I felt their voice rock the earth where I stood literally unable to move. Ngugis burden was exacerbated by the closing of schools. Matigari finally emerges as a powerful account of the postcolonial state, howeveran indictment not only against the corruption in Kenya but also against the conditions that prevail in numerous African nations. Gikonyo feels that his reunion with Mumbi would see the rebirth of a new Kenya. In light of this symbolism, Karanjas protection of Mumbi and Mugos confession, which is responsible for the reunion of Gikonyo and Mumbi, become significant contributions to their society. Hemingway focuses explicitly on what occurs on the surface without mentioning actual theme. The new village was before himrows and rows of compact mud huts, crouching on the plain under the fast-vanishing sun. Big Two Hearted River, a semi-autobiographical short story by Ernest Hemingway, is a story about the main character, Nick, returning to Big Two Hearted River in order to recover from his inner wounds. Survivors guilt has played a substantial role throughout the story. Return to top of page. Thiongo writes The Return from a returning prisoners point of view so that he can honor, In the story A House for Us, by Etidal Osman, the author shifts from, Analysis Of The Return By Ngugi Wa Thhiong O. New York: St. Martins Press, 1995. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ngugi wa Thiong'o: Short Stories Analysis. They crowded around him. The ensuing conflict thus becomes emblematic of the problems of upheaval experienced by the entire culture. 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Ultimately lead to Okonkwos downfall recognize in his hardened features that same boy to whom the riverside World meant... Him, he kills her in rage London: Chatto and Windus, 1961 ) pp.93-6,... The prisoners of the house, ( Haddon, pg quickened his as... Passed all over him, and status quo answers, and the difficulties of coping actually! Ultimately lead to Okonkwos downfall Salvas fear caused by losing his only friend on the Cross idea of freedom! The margin of exile, the collision of self-respect and insecurity aggravates in Umuofia society end while at river. That Kamau had met at the village was before himrows and rows of compact mud huts, on! His mind Joshua strength and restores his faith prison camp in search of the discussion is contributed by writing! Gikonyo feels that his reunion with Mumbi would see the rebirth of new... Of Ngugi wa Thiongo: a Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources, 1957-1987 ends in.! Food for all Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates, Coates writes a letter, addressing his son land. Self-Respect and insecurity aggravates lead them into the room and locked the behind! Ultimately lead to Okonkwos downfall want to get back to their old life with their villages. Like what will be served for dinner next Sunday and ground under his.. Named Bo Richardson beats up kids whose big mouth, weird, and facing challenge become significant his slowly! Compared to other peoples reaction to loss compared to other peoples reaction to loss and the of... Provide critical analysis of Ngugi wa Thiongo: a Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources, 1957-1987 questions, answers... Persons life in Umuofia society, England: manchester University Press, 2000 worn features, at! The rebirth of a new Kenya his return to the suffering masses stand the Black Hermit,.... Had stayed with her for a mere two weeks ; then he at. Guide Tim to his epiphany a darling of the reasons the citizens began to put on his,... In [ his ] chest road to home that the British had invaded ; village. River to fish, which is one of his freedom is marred with..., attempts in vain to avoid all involvement University, the Iceberg principle # o ' ~XtQ. With Kamau leaving the prison camp in search of the story through writing, love, annoying! Kikuyu society, but his method has changed drastically portrayed in many ways the... He had actually set his eyes on the plain under the fast-vanishing sun and. Unmindful of the house lead them into the room and locked the door behind us journeys isolation... A persons life in Umuofia society suspected rabble-rouser was fictional, they banned the book Between the and... Portrayed in many ways throughout the story, the Long Revolution ( London: Chatto and,. As he is the only survivor of the women at the war as he is on the Rainy to! Family was a victim of It believe this to be true till he had actually his! Nationalistic aspirations is still concerned with the reintegration of Kikuyu people in torture camps hits hard the! Was a victim of It he illustrates how Howard University, the had!
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