This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. The Japanese also planned to capture other strategic areas where they could establish advance posts and raise an outer barrier against an Allied counteroffensive. This was the so-called Z Operation document which gave the Japanese air and naval plan of defense against Allied attacks on their South Pacific possessions, giving their solutions for the defense against Allied attacks in three sectors of the South Pacific. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. The convoy split around 80 miles (130km) offshore, with the Eastern Attack Group, consisting of troops assigned to Operation Persecution turning away for Aitape. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. This information was transferred to a G-2 overlay and became a factor in the tactics adopted in that particular operation. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. [7] The volume would have been more but members of the 414th CIC unit learned that Chinese soldiers through ignorance destroyed many documents. In July 1944, incidental to the disclosure in ATIS documents and interrogations that a number of war crimes had been committed against Allied prisoners and non-combatants in the SWPA, the War Crimes Investigation Board was established under the Commanding General, US Army Forces Far East (USAFFE). Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. Japanese makeshift bridges were attacked by P-40s with 500lb (230kg) bombs. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. The fires around White 1 continued until 27 April when the engineers were released to return to the beach. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. It stated also that the land offensive was scheduled to commence some time in the middle of November. It contained details of the proposed landing of Tama Group (full strength of one division) at Ormoc, Leyte, on November 1st. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. [5], According to John Laffin, the campaign "was arguably the most arduous fought by any Allied troops during World War II". SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. Incidence of malaria was almost one hundred per cent. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. The inventory provided a complete listing of specific weapons, their condition and number in stock, storage locations, and place of manufacture. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. The Allies made good use of the information in the naval campaigns that followed. It included excerpts from Japanese captured documents on their research and use of bacterial warfare. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. 'We are repeating the failure of Guadalcanal. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. These totaled 11,000 men under the command of General Masazumi Inada, Major General Toyozo Kitazono and Rear Admiral Yoshikazu Endo (Ninth Fleet). [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. In January 1943 the Allied and the Japanese forces facing each other on New Guinea were like two battered heavyweights. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. The campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the Japanese assault on Rabaul on 23 January 1942. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. On September 6, 1943, ICPOA was designated a joint Army-Navy-Marine organization by a CINCPAC directive and was given the name Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. 92). After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. hbspt.enqueueForm({ Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. American military leaders knew that while the number of prisoners (and thus information) taken in the Pacific would be relatively small, compared to the war in Europe, Japanese records would become all that more important as an intelligence source. The purpose of these campaigns was to safeguard the oil, rubber and other raw materials the Japanese needed. The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. On April 29, 1944, ATIS Research Report No. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. Combat boundaries were listed. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. This document was used as a measuring standard for Japanese military activities on Luzon. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. Land-based aircraft of the Allied air forces softened up the Hollandia area, destroying more than 300 enemy aircraft during the weeks preceding the attack. During the first week of March 1945, I Corps ATIS Advanced Echelon on Luzon translated four top secret Japanese operational orders made between February 26th-March 2nd. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. Also that fall, in the vicinity of Myitkyina, CIC Combat Interrogation Team (CIT) No. The other landing would be made at Humboldt Bay by two RCTs (the 162nd and 186th) of the 41st Division. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. [47], As a result of the terrain difficulties, Tanahmerah Bay was quickly written off as a landing site; while the infantry already ashore pressed on to the Sentani plain the remainder of the 24th Division was diverted to Humboldt Bay, which had by this time been secured. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. No. In early 1943, it became apparent, as the Allies assumed the offensive, that the volume of documents captured would far exceed the capacity of personnel available to translate each and every document in full. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. Seven LSTs were also assigned. This involved air attacks and naval bombardments on the Wewak area, and faked landings of reconnaissance patrols. 4, to acquire Japanese records, staged a contest, making awards to Burmese or Chinese turning in the most documents. Publication No. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. [7] The attack was designated Operation Reckless in recognition of the risks involved in carrying it out. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. It is important to note that all ATIS units maintained close relations with the CIC units and Australian Army Field Security Service, since these units were largely responsible for the collection and dispatch of captured documents in forward areas to the language personnel stationed with tactical units. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States . This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. [50], Three transports were assigned to the operation, Westralia, Gunston Hall and Ganymede. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! As their number grew, and the volume of available intelligence increased, such a procedure became unnecessary, and also impossible due to the limited number of linguists available. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. The terrain, however, proved more problematic. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. Most Japanese troops never even came into contact with Allied forces, and were instead simply cut off and subjected to an effective blockade by Allied naval forces. . Another document, captured on Luzon in early February, gave the Japanese 14th Army Operation Order of January 8th, bringing to light the plan of the Japanese Armys movement into Northern Luzon and the organization of the Shimbu group and its mission into Southern Luzon. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. [1][2], Hollandia was situated on the east side of a headland separating Humboldt Bay to the east and Tanahmerah Bay, 25 miles (40km) to the west. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . [14] Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. [16] In the resulting 48 May 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea, the Allies suffered higher losses in ships, but achieved a crucial strategic victory by turning the Japanese landing force back, thereby removing the threat to Port Moresby, at least for the time being. [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. 2 in May 1943. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. Air and naval support consisted largely of U.S. assets, although Australia also provided air support during preliminary operations and a naval bombardment force. Report No. During the Lae-Salamaua Operation in the summer of 1943 the Allies relied heavily on captured documents for intelligence information and planning. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. Thompson sub machine-guns jammed with the gritty mud and were unreliable in the humid atmosphere ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, pp. Current Translation No. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. By ATIS in May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila language! East Asia began in 1931 with the Japanese threat was contained in Pearl. 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published as soon as the war crimes Echelon, separate... Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the Depapre Lake Sentani.! 7 ] the Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the various organizations disseminated. Be highly unsuitable and the Japanese arrived and the Japanese before them during preliminary and. 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